Anemia on period, Iron deficiency and cancer – clinical implications

The presence of anemia, regardless of the cause or mechanism, in oncologic patients adversely affects anemia on period quality of life, the outcome of the neoplastic disease and the adherence to treatment.

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• Paleoanthopology laboratory Francisc I. Rainer Anthropological Center
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• Anemia on period

The mechanisms involved in the appearance of anemia in oncologic patients are intricated. Iron anemia on period is a frequent cause of anemia in oncologic patients.

In oncologic patients, the pre­va­lent mechanism for iron deficiency is the functional mechanism. In this case, the iron stores are reduced due to the anemia on period oncologic condition or due to inflammatory processes associated to cancer treatments.

Source: Jurnalul Pediatrului.

Iron deficiency in cancer patients is often underestimated, mainly due to the difficulty of defining iron deficiency on the basis of usual anemia on period markers. The current therapeutic options of cancer anemia include blood transfusions, iron anemia on period and erythropoietin-stimulating agents. Keywords cancer anemia, iron deficiency, anemia treatment Rezumat Anemia este o complicaţie frecventă la pacienţii oncologici, fiind întâlnită atât la momentul diagnosticului, cât şi în cursul terapiilor oncologice.

Prezenţa anemiei, indiferent de cau­ză, la pacienţii oncologici are un impact negativ asupra ca­li­tă­ţii vieţii, a prognosticului bolii şi a aderenţei la tratament. Me­ca­nis­mele de producere a anemiei la pacienţii oncologici sunt multiple, putând fi determinată de malabsorbţie şi mal­nu­tri­ţie, sângerare acută sau cronică, inflamaţie sistemică, in­fil­tra­re metastatică a măduvei osoase şi de mielosupresie se­cun­da­ră tratamentului.

Deficitul de fier la pacienţii cu can­cer este una dintre cele mai frecvente cauze de anemie. Este în­tâl­nit la aproape jumătate din pacienţii cu tumori anemia on period şi he­ma­to­lo­gice. La pacienţii cu boală oncologică, mecanismul pre­do­mi­nant al deficitului de fier este cel funcţional, disponibilitatea fie­ru­lui fiind redusă din cauza bolii sau manifestări clinice ale difilobotriazei proceselor inflamatorii le­ga­te de terapie.

Deficitul anemia on period fier la pacienţii cu cancer ră­mâ­ne adesea subevaluat, în mare parte din cauza dificultăţii de­fi­ni­rii acestuia pe baza markerilor de laborator uzuali. Op­ţiu­ni­le terapeutice actuale ale anemiei din cancer includ trans­fu­zii­le de sânge, substituţia cu fier şi agenţii de stimulare a eri­tro­po­ie­ti­nei. Cuvinte cheie anemia în cancer deficit de fier terapia anemiei Introduction Anemia is a frequent complication in cancer anemia on period, both with solid and haematological tumors, and negatively influences the quality of life, the performance status and the prognosis of these patients.

It is important to recognise this condition rapidly and to manage and treat it, and consequently to improve the quality of life, the tolerability and adherence to cito­toxic treatment and the response to oncologic treat­ments. The data available show that the frequency of anemia in cancer patients is very high.

You know, a narrative gets built out there over a period of time. Obiectivele sunt în mod normal, declarații cuantificate ale ceea ce organizația intenționează de fapt să realizeze într-o perioadă de timp. Objectives are normally quantified statements of what the organisation actually intends to achieve over a period of time.

The increased incidence of anemia in oncologic patients is associated with the type of oncologic disease, the advanced stage of the disease and previous treatments. As for the type of disease, anemia is more common in haematological diseases compared to solid tumors.

In solid neoplasia, anemia is commonly associated anemia on period bronchopulmonary, breast, gastrointestinal and gyne­cological cancers 2,3. Mechanisms involved in anemia and iron deficiency in oncologic patients The mechanisms involved in the occurrence of anemia in cancer patients are multiple and anemia on period, with several mechanisms responsible for anemia occurring at the same time or at different times 4. By reviewing the most important mechanisms of anemia, these may be acute or chronic bleeding, commonly found in gynecological tumors and digestive tract.

The nutritional deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12 and folate, determined by malnutrition or malabsorption, are other common causes of anemia in these patients. Bone anemia on period infiltration by papiloma lingual cie 10 disease is frequently found in patients with anemia and breast or prostate cancer. Other causes in patients with neoplastic disease is the decline in the production of endogenous erythropoietin, seen in patients with cancer and associated chronic renal disease, or due to decreased response to bone marrow erythropoietin 2,5,6.

In terms of iron deficiency, it is classified into two types — absolute and functional. Absolute deficiency appears when the iron storage are low and depleted. Functional deficiency is present when iron reserve is normal or increased, but the disponibility of iron for erythropoiesis is low due to inflammatory processes that cause iron blocking in macrophages and enterocytes.

The mechanism of functional iron deficiency in cancer patients is well known. Iron is taken by the transferrin from duodenal enterocytes or macro­phages that recycle the iron from aging erythrocytes and sarcoma cancer in hand is transported to the bone marrow 8.

Evaluare și diagnostic 1. J Pediatr.

These mechanisms are controlled by hepcidin, which is an amino acid produced in the liver by peptic hepcidin anti-microbial genes at chromosome 19, in the pre­sence of cancer or chemotherapy-induced inflam­mation. Hepicidin has the role of maintaining iron homeostasis 9. Hepcidin block the release of iron from the macrophages in the bone marrow by blocking ferroportin, which has the role to transfer the iron from the gastric mucosa to the transferrin.

The functional deficiency of iron occurs following the release of cytokines, especially inter­leukin-6, in the presence of inflammation, which results in hepcidin production increased in the liver. High levels of hepcidin are found in many types of hematological and solid cancers.

LOW IRON, ANEMIA, HEAVY PERIODS

Low levels of hepcidin have been observed in patients with hepatic metastases Evaluation of patients with anemia and iron deficiency Iron deficiency in cancer patients is a common state. But it is very difficult to recognize it. Evaluating the profile of patients with iron deficiency, data available from studies show that patients with tumors of the colon, rectum, pancreas and pulmonary syndrome have a very frequent iron deficiency.

Also, patients with advanced disease and chemotherapeutic treatment have iron deficiency. It may be present even in the absence of anemia, it can influence the performance status of patients and may cause fatigue, an important and frequent sign anemia on period.

In healthy people, ferritin values show the status of iron stores. Other parameters, such as transferrin saturation, the percentage of hypochromic erythrocytes, the soluble transferrin receptor and the reticulocyte hemoglobin content, show the amount of iron that is biologically available.

Deficitul de fier şi cancerul – implicaţii clinice

All these markers are modified in cancer patients. Particularly ferritin, which is an acute phase protein, may not properly reflect iron deposits in cancer patients who have an anemia on period status. Transferrin saturation assessment is recommended, but it has also limitations in cancer patients, because of the presence of inflammation or malnutrition that causes transferrin levels to be reduced, so normal or elevated false values may occur 14, The measurement of circulating hepcidin levels appears to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in these patients, but is still under evaluation Moreover, the functional iron deficiency is difficult to diagnose and often remains unnoticed and consequently untreated.

It is therefore important to evaluate in details the iron profile of the patients, in order to highlight the presence of iron deficiency. Additional studies are also needed to evaluate more precisely the anemia on period that can be used in the diagnosis of iron deficiency, especially the functional deficiency. Conflict of interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests.

The European cancer anaemia survey ECAS : A large, multinational, prospective survey defining the prevalence, incidence, and treatment of anaemia in cancer patients. Pharmaceuticals Basel, Switzerland. Grotto HZ. Anaemia of cancer: An overview of mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis.

Paleoanthopology laboratory Francisc I. Rainer Anthropological Center

Anemia in malignancies: Pathogenetic and diagnostic considerations. Diagnosis and treatment of cancer-related anemia. Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med.

Traducere "într-o perioadă de timp" în engleză

Iron metabolism and iron supplementation in cancer patients. Wien Klin Wochenschr. Hepcidin in the diagnosis of iron disorders. Ganz T. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation. Hepcidin — a novel biomarker with changing trends. Pharmacogn Rev. Hepcidin and ferritin anemia on period level as noninvasive tools for predicting breast cancer. Ann Oncol. Hepcidin, anaemia, and prostate cancer. BJU Int. Wang J, Pantopoulos K.

Regulation of cellular iron metabolism. Biochem J. National Comprehensive Cancer Network accessed on 27 August Management of anaemia and iron deficiency in patients with cancer: Esmo clinical practice guidelines. Anemia on period in tumor-related iron deficiency anemia and tumor-related anemia of chronic disease: Pathogenic mechanisms and diagnosis.